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2011 · Cell

Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation

Douglas Hanahan, Robert A. Weinberg

The hallmarks of cancer comprise six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors. The hallmarks constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease. They include sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. Underlying these hallmarks are genome instability, which generates the genetic diversity that expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters multiple hallmark functions. Conceptual progress in the last decade has added two emerging hallmarks of potential generality to this list-reprogramming of energy metabolism and evading immune destruction. In addition to cancer cells, tumors exhibit another dimension of complexity: they contain a repertoire of recruited, ostensibly normal cells that contribute to the acquisition of hallmark traits by creating the "tumor microenvironment." Recognition of the widespread applicability of these concepts will increasingly affect the development of new means to treat human cancer.

67,128 citations9 viewsFull text
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013
2004 · Cell

MicroRNAs

David P. Bartel

35,007 citations9 viewsFull text
DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00045-5
2000 · Cell

The Hallmarks of Cancer

Douglas Hanahan, Robert A. Weinberg

28,634 citations9 viewsFull text
DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81683-9