TY  - JOUR
TI  - Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015
AU  - Gregory A. Roth
AU  - Catherine O. Johnson
AU  - Amanuel Alemu Abajobir
AU  - Foad Abd-Allah
AU  - Semaw Ferede Abera
AU  - Gebre Yitayih Abyu
AU  - Muktar Beshir Ahmed
AU  - Baran Aksut
AU  - Shazia Alam
AU  - Khurshid Alam
AU  - François Alla
AU  - Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán
AU  - Stephen M. Amrock
AU  - Hossein Ansari
AU  - Johan Ärnlöv
AU  - Hamid Asayesh
AU  - Tesfay Mehari Atey
AU  - Leticia Ávila‐Burgos
AU  - Ashish Awasthi
AU  - Amitava Banerjee
AU  - Aleksandra Barać
AU  - Till Bärnighausen
AU  - Lars Barregård
AU  - Neeraj Bedi
AU  - Ezra B. Ketema
AU  - Derrick Bennett
AU  - Gebremedhin Berhe
AU  - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
AU  - Shimelash Bitew Workie
AU  - Jonathan R. Carapetis
AU  - Juan Jesús Carrero
AU  - Déborah Carvalho Malta
AU  - Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela
AU  - Jacqueline Castillo-Rivas
AU  - Ferrán Catalá-López
AU  - Jee-Young Choi
AU  - Hanne Christensen
AU  - Massimo Círillo
AU  - Leslie T. Cooper
AU  - Michael H Criqui
AU  - David K Cundiff
AU  - Albertino Damasceno
AU  - Lalit Dandona
AU  - Rakhi Dandona
AU  - Kairat Davletov
AU  - Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
AU  - Prabhakaran Dorairaj
AU  - Manisha Dubey
AU  - Rebecca Ehrenkranz
AU  - Maysaa El Sayed Zaki
AU  - Emerito Jose A Faraon
AU  - Alireza Esteghamati
AU  - Talha Farid
AU  - Maryam S. Farvid
AU  - Valery L. Feigin
AU  - Eric L. Ding
AU  - Gerry Fowkes
AU  - Tsegaye Gebrehiwot
AU  - Richard F Gillum
AU  - Audra L Gold
AU  - Philimon Gona
AU  - Rajeev Gupta
AU  - Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold
AU  - Nima Hafezi‐Nejad
AU  - Tesfayé Hailu
AU  - Gessessew Bugssa Hailu
AU  - Graeme J. Hankey
AU  - Hamid Yimam Hassen
AU  - Kalkidan Hassen Abate
AU  - Rasmus Havmoeller
AU  - Simon I Hay
AU  - Masako Horino
AU  - Peter J. Hotez
AU  - Kathryn H. Jacobsen
AU  - Spencer L James
AU  - Mehdi Javanbakht
AU  - Panniyammakal Jeemon
AU  - Denny John
AU  - Jost B. Jonas
AU  - Yogeshwar Kalkonde
AU  - Chanté Karimkhani
AU  - Amir Kasaeian
AU  - Yousef Khader
AU  - Abdur Rahman Khan
AU  - Young‐Ho Khang
AU  - Sahil Khera
AU  - Abdullah T Khoja
AU  - Jagdish Khubchandani
AU  - Daniel Kim
AU  - Dhaval Kolte
AU  - Soewarta Kosen
AU  - Kristopher J Krohn
AU  - G Anil Kumar
AU  - Gene F. Kwan
AU  - Dharmesh Kumar Lal
AU  - Anders Larsson
AU  - Shai Linn
AU  - Alan D Lopez
AU  - Paulo A. Lotufo
AU  - Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek
PY  - 2017
JO  - Journal of the American College of Cardiology
DO  - 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.052
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.052
AB  - BACKGROUND: The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear in many regions of the world. OBJECTIVES: The GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2015 study integrated data on disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality to produce consistent, up-to-date estimates for cardiovascular burden. METHODS: CVD mortality was estimated from vital registration and verbal autopsy data. CVD prevalence was estimated using modeling software and data from health surveys, prospective cohorts, health system administrative data, and registries. Years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated by multiplying age-specific CVD deaths by a reference life expectancy. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. RESULTS: In 2015, there were an estimated 422.7 million cases of CVD (95% uncertainty interval: 415.53 to 427.87 million cases) and 17.92 million CVD deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 17.59 to 18.28 million CVD deaths). Declines in the age-standardized CVD death rate occurred between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income and some middle-income countries. Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of CVD health lost globally, as well as in each world region, followed by stroke. As SDI increased beyond 0.25, the highest CVD mortality shifted from women to men. CVD mortality decreased sharply for both sexes in countries with an SDI >0.75. CONCLUSIONS: CVDs remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Sociodemographic change over the past 25 years has been associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very high SDI, but only a gradual decrease or no change in most regions. Future updates of the GBD study can be used to guide policymakers who are focused on reducing the overall burden of noncommunicable disease and achieving specific global health targets for CVD.
ER  -