TY  - JOUR
TI  - Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019
AU  - Gregory A. Roth
AU  - George A. Mensah
AU  - Catherine O. Johnson
AU  - Giovanni Addolorato
AU  - Enrico Ammirati
AU  - Larry M. Baddour
AU  - Noël C. Barengo
AU  - Andrea Beaton
AU  - Emelia J. Benjamin
AU  - Catherine P. Benziger
AU  - Aimé Bonny
AU  - Michael Bräuer
AU  - Marianne Brodmann
AU  - Thomas J. Cahill
AU  - Jonathan R. Carapetis
AU  - Alberico L. Catapano
AU  - Sumeet S. Chugh
AU  - Leslie T. Cooper
AU  - Josef Coresh
AU  - Michael H Criqui
AU  - Nicole DeCleene
AU  - Kim A. Eagle
AU  - Sophia Emmons‐Bell
AU  - Valery L. Feigin
AU  - Joaquim Fernández‐Solà
AU  - Gerry Fowkes
AU  - Emmanuela Gakidou
AU  - Scott M. Grundy
AU  - Feng J. He
AU  - George Howard
AU  - Frank B. Hu
AU  - Lesley A. Inker
AU  - Ganesan Karthikeyan
AU  - Nicholas J Kassebaum
AU  - Walter J. Koroshetz
AU  - Carl J. Lavie
AU  - Donald M. Lloyd‐Jones
AU  - Hong Lü
AU  - Antonio Mirijello
AU  - Awoke Misganaw Temesgen
AU  - Ali H. Mokdad
AU  - Andrew Moran
AU  - Paul Muntner
AU  - Jagat Narula
AU  - Bruce Neal
AU  - Mpiko Ntsekhe
AU  - Glaucia Moraes de Oliveira
AU  - Catherine M Otto
AU  - Mayowa Owolabi
AU  - Michael Pratt
AU  - Sanjay Rajagopalan
AU  - Marissa B Reitsma
AU  - Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro
AU  - Nancy A. Rigotti
AU  - Anthony Rodgers
AU  - Craig Sable
AU  - Saate Shakil
AU  - Karen Sliwa‐Hahnle
AU  - Benjamin Stark
AU  - Johan Sundström
AU  - Patrick Timpel
AU  - Imad M. Tleyjeh
AU  - Marco Valgimigli
AU  - Theo Vos
AU  - Paul K. Whelton
AU  - Magdi Yacoub
AU  - Liesl Zühlke
AU  - Chris Murray
AU  - Valentı́n Fuster
AU  - F. Gerry R. Fowkes
PY  - 2020
JO  - Journal of the American College of Cardiology
DO  - 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
AB  - Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases.
ER  -